Chemical Thermodynamics

Energy is exchanged or transformed in all chemical reactions and physical changes
of matter. As a basis for understanding this concept:
a. Students know how to describe temperature and heat flow in terms of the motion
of molecules (or atoms).
b. Students know chemical processes can either release (exothermic) or absorb (endothermic)
thermal energy.
c. Students know energy is released when a material condenses or freezes and is
absorbed when a material evaporates or melts.
d. Students know how to solve problems involving heat flow and temperature
changes, using known values of specific heat and latent heat of phase change.
e.* Students know how to apply Hess’s law to calculate enthalpy change in a reaction.
f.* Students know how to use the Gibbs free energy equation to determine whether a
reaction would be spontaneous.